| Ghost surgery by unlicensed proxy | 1) Unqualified Individuals: employees of medical companies, hospital administrative staff, orderlies, etc. | Spind & joint specialty hospitals, small and medium sized general hospitals |
| Ghost surgery by unlicensed proxy | 2) Non-physician healthcare providers: nurses, PA nurses, nurse assistants, dental hygienists, etc. | University hospitals, specialty hospitals, small and medium general hospitals |
| Ghost surgery by unauthorized physician proxy | 3) Unauthorized physician: residents, fellows, other physician form another fields. | University hospitals, high-volume commercial plastic surgery clinics |